८.२२: २७२.८धर्मःपुरुषगुणः । कर्तुःप्रियहितमोक्षहेतुःतीन्दिर्योऽन्त्यसुखसंविज्ञानविरोधीपुरुषान्तह्करणसम्योगविशुद्धाभिसन्धिजःवर्णाश्रमिणाम्प्रतिनियतसाधननिमित्तः ।
Dharma is the property of Man; it brings about to the agent happiness, means of happiness and final deliverance ; it is super sensuous ; it is destructible by the experiencing of the last item of happiness ; it (a) is produced by the contact of the Man with the internal organ, by means of pure thoughts and determinations; and with regard to the different cast s and conditions of men there are distinct means of accomplishing it (i—i—2\ VI—ii—1 ; VI—i—5 ; X—ss—8)
तस्यतुसाधनानिश्रुतिस्मृतिविहितानिवर्णाश्रमिणाम्सामान्यविशेषभावेनावस्थितानिद्रव्यगुणकर्माणि।The means of Dharma consists in various substances, qualities and actions, laid down, in the Veda and the Law-Books,—same as belonging in common to all men, and some as pertaining specially to distinct castes and conditions.
तत्रसामान्यानिधर्मेश्रद्धाअहिंसाभूतहितत्वम्सत्यवचनमस्तेयम्ब्रहमचर्यमनुपधाक्रोधवर्जनमभिषेचनम्शिचिद्रव्यसेवनम्विशिष्टदेवताभक्तिरुपवासोऽप्रमादश्च ।
Among the common ones we have the following: Faith in Dharma, harmlessness, Benevolence, Truthfulness, Freedom from desire for undue Possession, Freedom from lust, Purity of Intentions, Absence of anger, Bathing, use of purifying substances, Devotion to Deity, Fasting, and Non-neglect (of duties) . (VI—ii—2, 5, 8, 9, 3,4)
ब्राह्मणक्षचियवैश्यानामिज्याध्ययनदानानिब्राह्मणस्यविशिष्टानिप्रतिग्रहाध्यापनयाजनानिस्ववर्णविहिताश्चसंस्काराः।
The Dharma common to the Brahmana, the Kshatriya and the Vaishya, consists in the following: Performing of sacrifices, study, charities; and the specific Dharma of the Brahmana consists in – the receiving of gifts, teaching, officiating at sacrifices and the due performance of the rites and ceremonies laid down for the Brahmana.
क्षत्रियस्यसम्यक्प्रजापालनमसाधुनिग्रहोयुद्धेष्वनिवर्तनम्स्वकीयाश्चसंस्काराः।
Of the Kshatriya, the specific Pharma consists in— Proper care of the people under him, Punishing of Criminals, not fleeing from battle, and the due performance of the rites and ceremonies prescribed for the caste.
वैश्यस्यक्रियविक्रयकृषिपशुपालनानिस्वकीयाश्चसंस्काराः।
For the Vaishya, buying and selling, agriculture, Tending of cattle, due performance of the rites laid down for the Vaishya.
शूद्रस्यपूर्ववर्णपारतन्त्र्यममन्त्रिकाश्चक्रियाः।
For the Shudra,—submission to the other castes and the performance of rites and ceremonies without any mantras.
आश्रमिणाम्तुब्रह्मचारिणोगुरुकुलनिवासिनःस्वशास्त्रविहितानिगुरुशुश्रूषाग्नीन्धनभैक्ष्याचरणानिमधुमांसदिवास्वप्नांजनाभ्यञजनादिवर्जनम्च ।
The specific Dharma of the various states of a man’s life is as follows —For the ‘student’ living at the house of his teacher, attendance upon the teacher and the Fires, Fetching of fuel, living on alms in the manner prescribed in the scriptures, the avoidance of such things as wine, meat, sleeping during day, painting of the eye, the use of unguents and so forth.
८.२२: २७३.१विद्याव्रतस्नातकस्यकृतदारस्यगृहस्थस्यशालीनयायावरवृत्त्युपार्जितैरर्थैर्भूतमनुष्यदेवपितृब्रह्माख्यानाम्पञ्वानाम्महायज्ञानम्सायम्प्रातरनुष्ठानमेकाग्निविधानेनपाकयज्ञसंस्थानाम्चनित्यानाम्शक्तौविद्यमानायामग्न्याधेयादीनाम्चहविर्यज्ञसंस्थानामग्निष्टोमादीनाम्सोमयज्ञसंस्थानाम्च।
For the student who, having finished his studies and closed the religions life of the student with the final ‘bath’ has taken a wife to himself and settled as a householder,-(A) the morning and evening offering of the five ‘great sacrifices’—called (1) the ‘Bhutayajna {sacrifice to animals), (2) the ‘Manushya yajna (sacrifice to men), (3) ‘Devayajna’ (sacrifice to divine beings), (4) Pitruyajna’(sacrifice to the Fathers), and (5) 4 Brahmayajna’ (sacrifice to the Brahma or Veda),—by means of wealth acquired by such methods a) as the ‘calina’ and the 1 Yayavara9 (B) the taking of the ekagni Fire and the offering into it of the absolutely necessary Pakayajna, sacrifices, and also, if possible, of such sacrifices as those of the ‘ Agnyddheya’,the ‘Haviryajna’, the ‘Agnishtoma’ and the ‘Somayajn’;
ऋत्वन्तरेषुब्रह्मचर्यमपत्योत्पादनम्च ।
(C) and begetting of children and the avoiding of intercourse at other times.
ब्रह्मचारिणोगृहस्थस्यवाग्रामान्निर्गतस्यवनवासोवल्ककाजिनकेशश्मश्रुनखरोमधारणम्च । वन्यहुतातिथिशेषभोजनानिवानप्रस्थस्य ।
For the ‘Student’ as well as the ‘householder’, it is laid down that when he goes away from the village inhabited by him, and betakes himself to the life of the ‘Vanaprastha’ (Recluse), he lives in the forest, wears only skins and bark of trees, never shaves his hair or beard, and never pares his nails, lives only upon wild things, and those also only such as the left after the sacrifices have been performed and the guests duly fed.
त्रयाणामन्यतमस्यश्रद्धावतःसर्वभूतेभ्योनित्यमभयम्दत्त्वासम्न्यस्यस्वानिकर्माणियमनियमेष्वप्रमत्तस्यषट्पदार्थप्रसंख्यानाद्योगप्रसाधनम्प्रव्रजितस्येति।
A man having passed through all these three states, or one being in any one of the states, being moved by the proper amount of faith, takes the vow of universal benevolence and takes to the life of wandering ; he should then renounce the specific duties of his previous state and while not neglecting the internal and external duties of ‘Yama’ and Niyama, he should acquire the true knowledge of the six categories and thereby try to accomplish ‘ Yoga’ (Union with the Supreme).
दृष्टम्प्रयोजनमनुद्दिश्यैतानिसाधनानिभावप्रसादम्चापेक्ष्यात्ममनसोःसम्योगाद्धर्मोत्पत्तिरिति ॥
The contact of the mind and soul, when aided by all the accessories detailed above, followed without a desire for gaining thereby any visible results and by the utmost purity of motives, tends to bring about ‘Dharma’